Menstruation is a natural biological process experienced by half of the world’s population, yet it remains shrouded in myths, taboos, and cultural signification. Understanding menstrual practices across different communities can shed light on the social, cultural, and health implications for menstruating folk, and help us understand similarities as well as differences across cultures. Let us look first at menstrual practices in India, then at practices across the globe, and finally at the efforts to combat menstrual health stigma.

Menstrual Practices in India

In India, menstrual practices vary widely across regions and communities, often influenced by cultural, religious, and social norms. In many parts of the country, menstruating women are considered impure, leading to restrictions on their activities. For instance, in some Hindu communities, women are barred from entering temples, participating in religious ceremonies, or cooking food for others during their menstrual cycle. This practice stems from ancient beliefs and is still prevalent, especially in rural areas.

Both the Assamese and Bengali communities celebrate a girl’s menarche (or first period). Assamese people call the celebration “tuloni biya”, while Bengalis call it “ashirbad” and “ritu kala”. The girl is blessed by elders and given gifts. Isolation of the menstruating girl is another custom shared by the two communities, although people are gradually leaving this practice behind.

A study conducted on tribal adolescent girls of the Munda community also found that “Despite the fact that every girl has to deal with menstrual hygiene, there is a lack of awareness about the process of menstruation and proper menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls, especially from tribal backgrounds.”

However, there is a growing movement to challenge these taboos and promote menstrual hygiene. NGOs and government initiatives are working to provide education and access to sanitary products. For example, the “Menstrual Hygiene Management” program by the Indian government aims to distribute sanitary pads and educate girls in schools about menstrual health.

Menstrual Practices in Nepal

In parts of Nepal, the practice of “Chhaupadi” compels menstruating women and girls to live in isolated huts or cowsheds, away from their families. This practice, rooted in the belief that menstruating women are impure and can bring misfortune, poses significant health risks. Women in these huts often face extreme cold, poor sanitation, and the threat of animal attacks.

Efforts to abolish Chhaupadi have gained momentum in recent years. In 2005, the Supreme Court of Nepal banned the practice, and further legislation in 2017 criminalized it. Despite these legal measures, changing deeply ingrained cultural norms remains a challenge, and continued education and advocacy are crucial.

Menstrual Practices in Africa

In various African communities, menstrual practices are shaped by a mix of cultural beliefs and economic factors. In some regions, menstruation is surrounded by positive traditions. For instance, in parts of Zambia, the first menstruation is celebrated with a ritual called “Chisungu,” marking a girl’s transition into womanhood. Such practices can foster a sense of pride and community support.

Conversely, menstrual stigma and lack of access to sanitary products are significant issues in many African countries. Girls often miss school during their periods due to inadequate facilities and the inability to afford sanitary pads. Organizations like “Days for Girls” and “Afripads” are addressing these issues by providing reusable menstrual products and education on menstrual health.

Menstrual Practices in Japan

In Japan, while menstruation is not heavily stigmatized, certain traditional beliefs still influence practices. For example, some traditional Japanese bathhouses, or “onsen,” prohibit menstruating women from entering. This restriction is based on the belief that menstrual blood can pollute the water.

However, Japan has made strides in promoting menstrual health and hygiene. The country boasts a high level of access to menstrual products and comprehensive sex education. Recently, the Japanese government has taken steps to address period poverty by distributing free sanitary products in schools and public facilities.

The Middle East

In the Middle East, menstrual practices vary significantly across different countries and communities, often influenced by Islamic teachings. Generally, menstruating women are exempt from fasting during Ramadan and from performing prayers, based on religious guidelines. This exemption is seen as a form of relief rather than discrimination.

However, menstrual stigma persists, and discussions about menstruation are often considered taboo. Initiatives to promote menstrual health education are emerging. For example, in Lebanon, organizations like “Fe-Male” are working to break the silence around menstruation and provide girls with the knowledge and resources they need.

Indigenous Communities

Indigenous communities around the world have unique menstrual practices that are deeply rooted in their cultural heritage. For instance, among the Native American Navajo tribe, menstruation is seen as a powerful and sacred time. The “Kinaalda” ceremony celebrates a girl’s first menstruation, marking her transition into womanhood with rituals that honor her strength and potential.

Similarly, in some Aboriginal Australian communities, menstruation is considered a time of heightened spiritual power. Women are encouraged to rest and connect with their bodies during their periods.

Global Efforts to Improve Menstrual Health

While cultural practices around menstruation vary, the global movement towards improving menstrual health and hygiene is gaining traction. Organizations like UNICEF, UNESCO, and numerous NGOs are advocating numerous efforts including the provision of comprehensive menstrual health education, access to affordable and sustainable menstrual products, formulation of positive policies for menstrual health and hygiene, and working with local communities to respect cultural practices while promoting safe and healthy menstrual management.

Understanding menstrual practices in different communities reveals the diverse ways in which menstruation is perceived and managed worldwide. While cultural practices can provide support and celebration, many also perpetuate stigma and create barriers to health and equality. Continued efforts to promote menstrual health and hygiene are essential in ensuring that all menstruating individuals can live with dignity and without discrimination.

Citation of mentioned study: Kumari, S., Sood, S., Davis, S., & Chaudhury, S. (2021). Knowledge and practices related to menstruation among tribal adolescent girls. Industrial psychiatry journal, 30(Suppl 1), S160–S165. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.328808